Patents, Paradigm Shifts, and Progress in Biomedical Science
نویسنده
چکیده
II. INNOVATION-ENHANCING AND INNOVATION-INHIBITING EFFECTS OF PATENTS IN NORMAL SCIENCE...................................................... 669 A. Traditional Justifications for Patent Law .................................... 669 B. Rebuttals to Traditional Patent Theory: Scientific Communism and the Tragedy of the Anticommons ...... 671 1. Norms of Communal Sharing and Implications for Patent Law............................................................................. 671 2. The Tragedy of the Anticommons .......................................... 673 C. The Mixed Relationship of Patents to Normal Scientific Progress ....................................................................................... 675
منابع مشابه
Medicalization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: a Historical-Critical Analysis
Medicalization, in the sense of expansion of medicine in different aspects of human life and ultimately the transformation of medicine into a tool of social control and domination, is a common interpenetration in the literature. This concept, since its inception in the mid-twentieth century, has been an exclusive critique of modern medicine, meaning that branch of medicine based on biomedical p...
متن کاملBioPatentMiner: An Information Retrieval System for BioMedical Patents
Before undertaking new biomedical research, identifying concepts that have already been patented is essential. Traditional keyword based search on patent databases may not be sufficient to retrieve all the relevant information, especially for the biomedical domain. More sophisticated retrieval techniques are required. This paper presents BioPatentMiner, a system that facilitates information ret...
متن کاملBiomedical Upstream Patenting and Scientific Research: the Case for Compulsory Licenses Bearing Reach-through Royalties
In the wake of breakthroughs in biotechnology and prosperous development in the biotechnology industry, the field of biomedical upstream research has experienced a large increase in the number of patents granted This Article concerns mainly the threat that the proliferation of upstream patents pose to biomedical research and commercialization, especially the danger posed by research tool patent...
متن کاملMedical nanorobot architecture based on nanobioelectronics.
This work describes an innovative medical nanorobot architecture based on important discoveries in nanotechnology, integrated circuit patents, and some publications, directly or indirectly related to one of the most challenging new fields of science: molecular machines. Thus, the architecture described in this paper reflects, and is supported by, some remarkable recent achievements and patents ...
متن کاملتعارض اصل حمایت از اختراعات دارویی و حقوق بشر؛ تفسیر حقوقی ماده 27 موافقتنامه تریپس
Today, pharmaceutical patents constitute an important part of industrial production and investment corporations have shown interest in this issue which is willing to protect these patents for assurance of investment in this area. While progress in this field has human interests, but the unconditional protection of such patents is in conflict with the right to health as one of the fundamental hu...
متن کامل